b5e26d5284
FossilOrigin-Name: 00cfd4bafc17de7bd442051caeb92dda3c3bed778bc27a3d83d844cac1ef09e9
203 lines
19 KiB
HTML
203 lines
19 KiB
HTML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head>
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<title>.</title>
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</style>
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</head><body>
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<p><span class="h1">Internals: Nga Virtual Machine</span>
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="h2">Overview</span>
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<br/><br/>
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At the heart of Retro is a simple MISC (minimal instruction
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set computer) processor for a dual stack architecture.
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<br/><br/>
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This is a very simple and straightforward system. There are
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30 instructions. The memory is a linear array of signed 32
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bit values. And there are two stacks: one for data and one
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for return addresses.
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="h2">Instruction Table</span>
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'> | Stacks |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| Opcode | Muri | Full Name | Data | Address |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| ------ | ---- | ------------------ | ----- | ------- |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0 | .. | nop | - | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 1 | li | lit | -n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 2 | du | dup | n-nn | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 3 | dr | drop | n- | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 4 | sw | swap | xy-yx | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 5 | pu | push | n- | -n |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 6 | po | pop | -n | n- |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 7 | ju | jump | a- | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 8 | ca | call | a- | -A |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 9 | cc | conditional call | af- | -A |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 10 | re | return | - | A- |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 11 | eq | equality | xy-f | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 12 | ne | inequality | xy-f | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 13 | lt | less than | xy-f | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 14 | gt | greater than | xy-f | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 15 | fe | fetch | a-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 16 | st | store | na- | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 17 | ad | addition | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 18 | su | subtraction | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 19 | mu | multiplication | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 20 | di | divide & remainder | xy-rq | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 21 | an | bitwise and | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 22 | or | bitwise or | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 23 | xo | bitwise xor | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 24 | sh | shift | xy-n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 25 | zr | zero return | n-? | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 26 | ha | halt | - | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 27 | ie | i/o enumerate | -n | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 28 | iq | i/o query | n-xy | - |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 29 | ii | i/o invoke | ...n- | - |</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="h2">Encoding</span>
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<br/><br/>
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Up to four instructions can be packed into each memory cell.
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<br/><br/>
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As an example,
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>Opcode 4 Opcode 3 Opcode 2 Opcode 1</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>00000000:00000000:00000000:00000000</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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If we have a bundle of <span class="tt">duliswst</span>, it would look like:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>st sw li du</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>00010000:00000100:00000001:00000010</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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Each <span class="tt">li</span> should have a value in the following cell(s). These
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values will be pushed to the stack. E.g., <span class="tt">lili....</span> and
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1, 2:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>00000000:00000000:00000001:00000001</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 (1)</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010 (2)</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="h2">Shifts</span>
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="tt">sh</span> performs a bitwise arithmetic shift operation.
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<br/><br/>
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This takes two values:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>xy</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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And returns a single one:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>z</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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If y is positive, this shifts <span class="tt">x</span> right by <span class="tt">y</span> bits. If negative,
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it shifts left.
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="h2">Queries: Memory, Stacks</span>
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<br/><br/>
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The <span class="tt">fe</span> instruction allows queries of some data related to
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the Nga VM state. These are returned by reading from negative
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addresses:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| Address | Returns |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| ------- | ---------------------- |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| -1 | Data stack depth |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| -2 | Address stack depth |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| -3 | Maximum Image Size |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| -4 | Minimum Integer Value |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| -5 | Maximum Integer Value |</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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<span class="h2">I/O Devices</span>
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<br/><br/>
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Nga provides three instructions for interacting with I/O devices.
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These are:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>ie i/o enumerate returns the number of attached devices</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>iq i/o query returns information about a device</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>ii i/o interact invokes an interaction with a device</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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As an example, with an implementation providing an output source,
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a block storage system, and keyboard:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>ie will return `3` since there are three i/o devices</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>0 iq will return 0 0, since the first device is a screen (0)</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'> with a version of 0</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>1 iq will return 1 3, since the second device is a block</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'> storage (3), with a version of 1</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>2 iq will return 0 1, since the third device is a keyboard</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'> (1), with a version of 0</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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In this case, some interactions can be defined:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>: c:put</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>i liiire..</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>d 0</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>: c:get</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>i liiire..</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>d 2</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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Setup the stack, push the device ID to the stack, and then use
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<span class="tt">ii</span> to invoke the interaction.
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<br/><br/>
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A Retro system requires one I/O device (a generic output for a
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single character). This must be the first device, and must have
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a device ID of 0.
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<br/><br/>
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All other devices are optional and can be specified in any order.
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<br/><br/>
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The currently supported and reserved device identifiers are:
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<br/><br/>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| ID | Device Type | Notes |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| ---- | ---------------- | -------------------------- |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0000 | Generic Output | Always present as device 0 |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0001 | Keyboard | |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0002 | Floating Point | |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0003 | Block Storage | Raw, 1024 cell blocks |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0004 | Filesystem | Unix-style Files |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0005 | Network: Gopher | Make gopher requests |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0006 | Network: HTTP | Make HTTP requests |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0007 | Network: Sockets | |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0008 | Syscalls: Unix | |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0009 | Scripting Hooks | |</tt>
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<tt class='indentedcode'>| 0010 | Random Number | |</tt>
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<br/><br/>
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This list may be revised in the future. The only guaranteed
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stable indentifier is 0000 for generic output.
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</p>
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</body></html>
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