; ___ ___ _____ ___ ___ __ ____ ___ __ ; | _ \ __|_ _| _ \/ _ \ / / |__ /( _ ) / / ; | / _| | | | / (_) | / / |_ \/ _ \/ _ \ ; |_|_\___| |_| |_|_\\___/ /_/ |___/\___/\___/ ; ; This is the minimal startup & I/O needed to run a basic RETRO ; instance on x86 hardware. ; ; NOTE: NOT COMPLETE OR TESTED YET! ; ============================================================= section .multiboot_header header_start: dd 0xe85250d6 ; magic number (multiboot 2) dd 0 ; architecture 0 (protected mode i386) dd header_end - header_start ; header length ; checksum dd 0x100000000 - (0xe85250d6 + 0 + (header_end - header_start)) ; insert optional multiboot tags here ; required end tag dw 0 ; type dw 0 ; flags dd 8 ; size header_end: section .data gdt: dw (.end-.dummy) dd .dummy dw 0 .dummy: dw 0,0,0,0 dw 0xffff,0x0000 db 0x00,0x9a,0xcf,0x00 dw 0xffff,0x0000 db 0x00,0x92,0xcf,0x00 .end: section .text extern main global _start global putchar global getchar align 4 _start: mov dword [0xb8000], 0x2f4b2f4f jmp main jmp $ align 4 putchar: ret align 4 getchar: ret section .text key: xor eax,eax ; clear eax .a: in al,64h ; Is any data waiting? test al,1 ; Is character = ASCII 0? jz .a ; Yes? Try again in al,60h ; Otherwise, read scancode xor edx,edx ; edx: 0=make, 1=break test al,80h ; Is character = HEX 80h? jz .b ; Skip the next line inc edx ; Update edx .b: and al,7Fh ; Filters to handle cmp al,39h ; the ignored keys ja .a ; We just try another key mov ecx,[board] ; Load the keymap mov al,[ecx+eax] ; Get the key ASCII char or al,al ; Is is = 0? js .shift ; No, use CAPITALS jz .a ; Ignore 0's or dl,dl ; Filter for break code jnz .a ; Ignore break code ; dup ; call sys_emit ; ret jmp .done .shift: mov ecx,[edx*4 + .shifts] ; Load the CAPITAL keymap mov [board],ecx ; Store into BOARD pointer jmp .a ; And try again .done: ret section .data .shifts dd shift,alpha board dd alpha alpha: db 0,27,"1234567890-=",8 ;00-0E db 9,"qwertyuiop[]",10 ;0F-1C db 0,"asdfghjkl;'`" ;1D-29 db -1,"\zxcvbnm,./",-1,"*",0,32,-2 ;2A-3A shift: db 0,27,"!@#$%^&*()_+",8 ;00-0E db 9,"QWERTYUIOP{}",10 ;0F-1C db 0,'ASDFGHJKL:"~' ;1D-29 db -1,"|ZXCVBNM<>?",-1,"*",0,32,-2 ;2A-3A section .text ;--------------------------------------------------------------- ; This code is based on the video driver for FTS/Forth. Samuel ; Falvo II has kindly granted permission for me to redistribute ; and modify it without restrictions. Thank you Sam! ;--------------------------------------------------------------- ; Current VGA text-mode screen location, along with ; some descriptive attributes video_base: dd 0xB8000 video_width: dd 80 video_height: dd 25 ; Current VGA text-mode color attribute. ; NOTE that it's shifted left by 8 bits, ready for ; logical ORing with a character code. video_attributes: dd 0x0700 ; Current VGA cursor position. Also dictates where ; the next character will be displayed via EMIT or ; TYPE. These probably don't need to be 32-bits wide, ; but it's more convenient for asm coding purposes if ; they are. video_cursorX: dd 0 video_cursorY: dd 0 ; I/O ports for the VGA device in question video_io: dd 0x3D4 ;****** vChangeAttributes ************************************* ; ; NAME ; vChangeAttributes ; ; SYNOPSIS ; mov eax,andMask ; mov ebx,xorMask ; call vChangeAttributes ; mov [oldAttributes],eax ; ; FUNCTION ; This function can be used to clear, set, replace, or toggle ; all video attributes flags, depending on the settings of ; EAX and EBX. The attribute flags currently defined are as ; follows: ; ; Bit 0-7: Used to force character code bits to 1. ; Bit 8-11: Foreground color ; Bit 12-14: Background color ; Bit 15: Blink flag ; Bit 16-31: Unused -- leave clear. ; ; Note that for normal text output operation, bits 7-0 must be ; left 0. ; ; INPUTS ; EAX This register contains the AND-mask. This mask is ; applied first. Typically used to "zero out" a sub-field ; to be set via EBX. ; ; EBX This register contains the XOR-mask. This mask is ; applied second. ; ; RESULT ; EAX contains the *former* set of attributes. ; ; NOTE ; To query the current attributes without changing them, ; clear EAX and EBX, like this: ; ; xor eax,eax ; xor ebx,ebx ; call vChangeAttributes ; mov [currentAttributes],eax ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; ;************************************************************** vChangeAttributes: xchg eax,[video_attributes] and [video_attributes],eax xor [video_attributes],ebx ret ;****** vRethinkCursor **************************************** ; ; NAME ; vRethinkCursor ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vRethinkCursor ; ; FUNCTION ; Updates the video hardware to relocate the displayed ; text cursor to match expectations of the running environment. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; This function is undefined if video_cursorX and/or ; video_cursorY is outside the normal addressible bounds ; of the current display. ; ; SEE ALSO ; vCR, vLF, vMoveTo ; ;************************************************************** vRethinkCursor: push eax push ebx push edx ; Compute offset ; ASSUMES: 0 <= video_cursorX < video_width ; ASSUMES: 0 <= video_cursorY < video_height mov eax,[video_cursorY] imul eax,[video_width] add eax,[video_cursorX] mov ebx,eax ; Write low offset byte mov al, 0x0f mov dx, [video_io] out dx, al mov al, bl ;AL = offset low inc edx ;0x3d5 out dx, al ; Write high offset byte mov al, 0x0e ;Index reg.: cursor pos (high byte) dec edx ;0x3d4 out dx, al mov al, bh ;AL = offset high inc edx ;0x3d5 out dx, al pop edx pop ebx pop eax ret ;****** vClear ************************************************ ; ; NAME ; vClear ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vClear ; ; FUNCTION ; Fills the entire screen with space characters, using the ; currently set attribute. The cursor position is NOT ; affected by this call. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vHome ; ;************************************************************** vClear: push eax push ebx push ecx mov eax,[video_base] mov ebx,[video_height] imul ebx,[video_width] mov ecx,[video_attributes] or ecx,0x20 .more: mov [eax],cx add eax,2 dec ebx or ebx,ebx jnz .more pop ecx pop ebx pop eax ret ;****** vHome ************************************************* ; ; NAME ; vHome ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vHome ; ; FUNCTION ; Locates the cursor in the upper left-hand corner of the ; display. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vCR, vLF, vClear ; ;************************************************************** vHome: mov [video_cursorY],dword 0 ; fall-through to vCR intentional ;****** vCR *************************************************** ; ; NAME ; vCR ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vCR ; ; FUNCTION ; Performs the glass-tty equivalent of a carriage return. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; SEE ALSO ; vLF, vHome ; ;************************************************************** vCR: mov [video_cursorX],dword 0 jmp vRethinkCursor ;****** vLF *************************************************** ; ; NAME ; vLF ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vLF ; ; FUNCTION ; Performs the glass-tty equivalent of a line feed. Note ; that the horizontal cursor position is NOT affected by ; this function. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vHome, vCR ; ;************************************************************** vLF: push eax mov eax,[video_cursorY] inc eax cmp eax,[video_height] jb .scrolling_unnecessary dec eax call vScrollUp .scrolling_unnecessary: mov [video_cursorY],eax call vRethinkCursor pop eax call vCR ret ;****** vScrollUp ********************************************* ; ; NAME ; vScrollUp ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vScrollUp ; ; FUNCTION ; Scrolls the whole screen up one line, filling in the bottom ; with spaces in the currently set attribute. This function ; does NOT change the current cursor location. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vChangeAttributes, vCR, vLF ; ;************************************************************** vScrollUp: push eax push ebx push ecx ; Scroll the display up one line xor eax,eax ; Get offset for (0,1) lea ebx,[eax+1] call vOffsetAt ; EAX := source mov ebx,[video_base] ; EBX := destination address mov ecx,[video_width] ; ECX := number of bytes to move imul ecx,[video_height] sub ecx,[video_width] shl ecx,1 call uMoveDown ; Overwrite the garbage at the bottom. xor eax,eax mov ebx,[video_height] dec ebx call vOffsetAt mov ebx,[video_width] mov ecx,[video_attributes] or cl,0x20 .more: mov [eax],cx add eax,2 dec ebx or ebx,ebx jnz .more pop ecx pop ebx pop eax ret ;****** vOffsetAt ********************************************* ; ; NAME ; vOffsetAt ; ; SYNOPSIS ; mov eax,Xcoord ; mov ebx,Ycoord ; call vOffsetAt ; mov [memLocation],eax ; ; FUNCTION ; Given an X and Y coordinate on the display (with the upper- ; left-hand corner set to (0,0)), return a memory address ; with which a character and attribute pair can be stored. ; ; INPUTS ; EAX The horizontal coordinate ; EBX The vertical coordinate ; ; RESULT ; Byte address of the corresponding character in the video ; frame buffer. ; ; BUGS ; Strange things happen if the X or Y coordinate are out of ; bounds for the current VGA frame buffer size. ; ; SEE ALSO ; ;************************************************************** vOffsetAt: push ebx imul ebx,[video_width] add eax,ebx shl eax,1 add eax,[video_base] pop ebx ret ;****** vEmit ************************************************* ; ; NAME ; vEmit ; ; SYNOPSIS ; mov al,charToEmit ; call vEmit ; ; FUNCTION ; Displays the character in al to the screen at the current ; cursor position. This function DOES interpret the following ; control codes: ; ; $08 Backspace -- moves cursor to the left one position ; $09 Tab -- moves cursor to next tab stop (every 8 chars) ; $0A Line feed -- advances cursor down one line ; $0C Form feed -- clears the screen and homes the cursor ; $0D Carriage Return -- Restores cursor to column 0 ; ; INPUTS ; AL Character to emit to the display ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vRawEmit ; ;************************************************************** vEmit: cmp al,0x08 jz vBS cmp al,0x09 jz vTAB cmp al,0x0A jz vLF cmp al,0x0C jz vFF cmp al,0x0D jz vCR ; flow-through to vRawEmit is intentional. ;****** vRawEmit ********************************************** ; ; NAME ; vRawEmit ; ; SYNOPSIS ; mov al,charToEmit ; call vRawEmit ; ; FUNCTION ; Displays the character in al to the screen at the current ; cursor position. This function DOES NOT interpret any ; control codes. ; ; INPUTS ; AL Character to emit to the display ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vEmit ; ;************************************************************** vRawEmit: push eax push ebx push ecx and eax,0x000000FF or eax,[video_attributes] mov ecx,eax mov eax,[video_cursorX] mov ebx,[video_cursorY] call vOffsetAt mov [eax],cx pop ecx pop ebx pop eax ; fall-through to vBumpCursor is intentional. ;****** vBumpCursor ******************************************* ; ; NAME ; vBumpCursor ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vBumpCursor ; ; FUNCTION ; Advances the cursor one character to the right. ; If wrap-around occurs, it will further drop the cursor ; down one line, if possible. If not, the screen is ; scrolled. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vEmit, vRawEmit, vLF, vCR ; ;************************************************************** vBumpCursor: push eax mov eax,[video_cursorX] inc eax cmp eax,[video_width] jnb .wrapAround mov [video_cursorX],eax pop eax jmp vRethinkCursor .wrapAround: pop eax call vCR jmp vLF ;****** vType ************************************************* ; ; NAME ; vType ; ; SYNOPSIS ; mov eax,msgBuffer ; mov ebx,msgLength ; call vType ; ; FUNCTION ; Displays the text stored in msgBuffer, consisting of msgLength ; bytes. It is safe to type a buffer of zero bytes. ; ; INPUTS ; EAX Pointer to the buffer to display ; EBX Length of the buffer. If 0, no text is displayed. ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vEmit, vRawEmit ; ;************************************************************** vType: push eax push ebx push ecx mov ecx,eax .again: or ebx,ebx jz .done mov al,[ecx] inc ecx call vEmit dec ebx jmp .again .done: pop ecx pop ebx pop eax ret ;****** vBS *************************************************** ; ; NAME ; vBS ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vBS ; ; FUNCTION ; Emulates the glass-tty equivalent of a backspace on a ; teletype by moving the cursor to the left, if possible. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vTAB ; ;************************************************************** vBS: push eax call vRawBS mov al,' ' call vEmit pop eax ; fall-through to vBumpCursor is intentional. vRawBS: push eax mov eax,[video_cursorX] or eax,eax jz .asFarAsItllGo dec eax mov [video_cursorX],eax call vRethinkCursor .asFarAsItllGo: pop eax ret ;****** vTAB ************************************************** ; ; NAME ; vTAB ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vTAB ; ; FUNCTION ; Advances the cursor to the next tabstop, which is currently ; every 8 characters. ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vBS, vCR, vLF ; ;************************************************************** vTAB: push eax mov eax,[video_cursorX] and eax,7 jz .moveAnother8 .oneMoreSpace: mov al,0x20 call vEmit mov eax,[video_cursorX] and eax,7 jnz .oneMoreSpace pop eax ret .moveAnother8: mov al,0x20 call vEmit call vEmit call vEmit call vEmit call vEmit call vEmit call vEmit call vEmit pop eax ret ;****** vPage / vFF ******************************************* ; ; NAME ; vPage ; ; AKA ; vFF ; ; SYNOPSIS ; call vPage ; or... ; call vFF ; ; FUNCTION ; Clears the screen and homes the cursor, thus emulating ; a form-feed operation on a teletype (hence the name; it ; delivers a "new page"). ; ; INPUTS ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; vTAB, vCR, vLF, vEmit ; ;************************************************************** vPage: vFF: call vClear jmp vHome ;****** uMoveDown ********************************************* ; ; NAME ; uMoveDown ; ; SYNOPSIS ; mov eax,srcAddress ; mov ebx,dstAddress ; mov ecx,nbrOfBytes ; call uMoveDown ; ; FUNCTION ; Moves ECX bytes from EBX to EAX. This move is assumed ; correct if and only if EBX <= EAX. Otherwise, memory ; is filled with a repeating pattern. ; ; INPUTS ; EAX source address ; EBX destination address ; ECX number of bytes to move ; ; RESULT ; ; BUGS ; ; SEE ALSO ; uMoveUp, uMove ; ;************************************************************** uMoveDown: push eax push ebx push ecx push edx cmp ecx,4 jb .no32bits .more32bits: mov edx,[eax] add eax,4 mov [ebx],edx add ebx,4 sub ecx,4 cmp ecx,4 jae .more32bits .no32bits: cmp ecx,2 jb .no16bits .more16bits: mov dx,[eax] add eax,2 mov [ebx],dx add ebx,2 sub ecx,2 cmp ecx,2 jae .more16bits .no16bits: or ecx,ecx jz .done .morebytes: mov dl,[eax] inc eax mov [ebx],dl inc ebx dec ecx or eax,eax jnz .morebytes .done: pop edx pop ecx pop ebx pop eax ret