RETRO provides words for operating on a linear memory area. This can be useful in building strings or custom data structures.

Namespace

Words operating on the buffer are kept in the buffer: namespace.

Implementation

A buffer is a linear sequence of memory. The buffer words provide a means of incrementally storing and retrieving values from it.

The buffer words keep track of the start and end of the buffer. They also ensure that an ASCII:NULL is written after the last value, which make using them for string data easy.

Limitations

Only one buffer can be active at a time. RETRO provides a buffer:preserve combinator to allow using a second one before returning to the prior one.



To set a buffer as the active one use buffer:set. This takes an address.

The buffer will be assumed to be empty. The initial value will be set to ASCII:NULL.



Use buffer:add to append a value to the buffer. This takes a single value and will also add an ASCII:NULL after the end of the buffer.



To return the last value in the buffer you can use buffer:get. This removes the value and sets an ASCII:NULL in the memory location the returned value occupied.



RETRO provides buffer:start to get the initial address in the buffer, buffer:end to get the last address (ignoring the ASCII:NULL), and buffer:size to return the number of values in the buffer.

Reset

You can reset a buffer to the empty state using buffer:empty.

Example

To begin, create a memory region to use as a buffer.

```
'Test d:create #1025 allot
```

Then you can set this as the current buffer:

```
&Test buffer:set
```

When a buffer is set, the vocabulary sets an internal index to the first address in it. This will be incremented when you add data and decremented when you remove data.

Let's add some stuff using buffer:add:

```
#100 buffer:add
#200 buffer:add
#300 buffer:add
```

And then retrieve the values:

```
buffer:get n:put nl
buffer:get n:put nl
buffer:get n:put nl
```

You can remove all values using buffer:empty:

```
#100 buffer:add
#200 buffer:add
#300 buffer:add
buffer:empty
```

And ask the buffer how many items it contains:

```
buffer:size n:put nl
#100 buffer:add
#200 buffer:add
#300 buffer:add
buffer:size n:put nl
buffer:empty
```

The other functions are buffer:start, which returns the address of the buffer, buffer:end, which returns the address of the last value, and buffer:preserve. The first is easy to demo:

```
buffer:start Test eq? n:put nl
```

The last one is useful. Only one buffer is ever active at a given time. The buffer:preserve combinator lets you execute a word, saving and restoring the current buffer indexes. So the word could assign and use a new buffer and this will reset the previous one after control returns.

There are a few notes that need to be considered. The preserve combinator saves the start and current index but not the contents. If the word you call uses the same buffer, the contents will remain altered.

Finally, the buffer words have one interesting trait: they store an ASCII NULL after adding each item to the buffer. This lets one use them to build strings easily.

```
Test buffer:set
$h buffer:add
$e buffer:add
$l buffer:add
$l buffer:add
$o buffer:add
$, buffer:add
#32 buffer:add
$w buffer:add
$o buffer:add
$r buffer:add
$l buffer:add
$d buffer:add
buffer:start s:put nl
```