# Working With Files

On Unix and Windows systems RETRO provides a set of words for
working with files. As a pragmatic choice these are mostly
modeled after the file functions in libc.

The file words are in the `file:` namespace.

## File Access Modes

You can open a file for various operations. The functionality
allowed depends on the file access mode. Valid modes in RETRO
are:

    file:A    Open for appending; file pointer set to end of file
    file:R    Open for reading; file pointer set to start of file
    file:R+   Open for reading and writing
    file:W    Open for writing

## Opening A File

To open a file, pass the file name and a file mode to `file:open`.

    '/etc/motd file:R file:open

On a successful open this will return a file handle greater than
zero.

Additionally, RETRO provides a few other forms for opening files.

To open a file for reading:

    '/etc/motd file:open-for-reading

This will return the size of the file (as NOS) and the file handle
(as TOS).

To open a file for writing:

    '/tmp/test file:open-for-writing

This returns the file handle.

To open a file for append operations:

    '/tmp/test file:open-for-append

As with `file:open-for-reading`, this returns both the size of
the file and the file handle.

## Closing A File

To close a file, pass the file handle to `file:close`.

    '/etc/motd file:A file:open file:close

## Reading From A File

To read a byte from an open file, pass the file handle to the
`file:read` word.

    @FID file:read n:put

To read a line from a file, pass the file handle to the word
`file:read-line`.

    @FID file:read-line s:put

The line is read into a temporary string buffer. Move the
text to a safe place if you aren't using it quickly or if
the length of the line is bigger than the size of a temporary
string.

## Writing To A File

To write a byte to a file, pass it and the file handle to
`file:write`.

    $h @FID file:write
    $e @FID file:write
    $l @FID file:write
    $l @FID file:write
    $o @FID file:write

Though cells are 32 or 64 bits in size, only the byte value will
be written to the file.

## Deleting Files

You can delete a file by passing the file name to `file:delete`.

    /tmp/test file:delete

## Check For File Existance

Use `file:exists?` to detect the existance of a file. Pass it a
file name and it will return `TRUE` if existing or `FALSE` if
it does not.

    '/etc/motd file:exists?

This will also return `TRUE` if the filename is a directory.

## Flush Caches

Use `file:flush` to flush the system caches for a file. Pass a
file handle to this.

    @FID file:flush

## Seek A Position Within A File

You can use `file:seek` to move the internal file pointer
for a given file. Pass this the new location and a file.

    #100 @FID file:seek

The location for the file pointer is a fixed offset from the
start of the file, not a relative offset.

## Get The Current Position Within A File

To find the current value of the file pointer within a file
just pass the file handle to `file:tell`.

    @FID file:tell

This returns a number that is the number of bytes into the file
that the file pointer is currently at.

## Determine The Size Of A File

Use `file:size` to return the size of a file. Pass this a file
handle and it will return the size of a file, or 0 if empty. If
the file is a directory, it returns -1.

    @FID file:size

## Reading An Entire File

If you want to read an entire file into memory you can use
`file:slurp`. This takes the starting address of a memory
region and the name of the file.

    here '/etc/motd file:slurp

Take care that the memory buffer is large enough for the file
being read or you will run into problems.

## Writing A String To A File

If you have a string that you want to write to a file, replacing
any existing contents, you can use `file:spew`. This takes the
string to write and a file name.

    'hello_world '/tmp/test.txt file:spew

## Iterating Over A File, Line By Line

You can easily iterate over each line in a file using the word
`file:for-each-line`. This will take a file name and a quote,
read each line into a temporary string, then pass this string to
the quote.

    '/etc/motd [ s:put nl ] file:for-each-line